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Nyan Cat is an 8-bit animated GIF of a cat with a cherry Pop-Tart body flying through space, trailing a rainbow, set to the endlessly looping Japanese Vocaloid song "Nyanyanyanyanyanyanya!" by daniwellP. Artist Christopher Torres created the animation during a Red Cross charity livestream on April 2, 2011; three days later YouTuber saraj00n paired it with the song, and the combination quickly became one of the biggest viral memes of the early 2010s. The original video pulled in over 205 million YouTube views and sparked games, merchandise, a Webby Award, and a landmark NFT sale worth nearly $600,000.

Pepe the Frog is a cartoon frog character created by artist Matt Furie for his 2005 comic *Boy's Club*, best known for his catchphrase "feels good man." After 4chan users turned Pepe into one of the internet's most versatile reaction images in 2008, the character exploded into mainstream culture before being co-opted by alt-right groups during the 2016 U.S. presidential election, leading the Anti-Defamation League to add him to its hate symbol database. Pepe's story is one of the most complex in meme history: an innocent stoner frog that became a political flashpoint, a legal battleground, and a global protest symbol.

Rickrolling is a bait-and-switch internet prank where someone tricks another person into clicking a disguised link that leads to Rick Astley's 1987 music video for "Never Gonna Give You Up." Born on 4chan's /v/ board in May 2007 as an evolution of an earlier prank called "duckrolling," the Rickroll became one of the longest-running jokes in internet history. The official YouTube video passed 1.5 billion views[2], driven by nearly two decades of people gleefully tricking each other.

Doge is an internet meme built around photos of a Shiba Inu named Kabosu, overlaid with colorful Comic Sans captions in deliberately broken English. The format took off in 2013 after years of quiet spread across Tumblr and Reddit, earning Know Your Meme's "top meme" of the year[3]. Kabosu's sideways glance launched a cryptocurrency worth billions, inspired an NFT sale of over $4 million, and gave its name to a U.S. government department, making it one of the most consequential memes in internet history.

Confused Nick Young is a reaction image of NBA player Nick Young (aka Swaggy P) looking bewildered with question marks floating around his head. The image comes from a 2014 YouTube web series and went viral in 2015 on Black Twitter, becoming one of the internet's most-used visual shorthand for confusion and disbelief.

Keyboard Cat is a viral video meme featuring an orange tabby cat named Fatso, filmed in 1984 by performance artist Charlie Schmidt, appearing to play an electronic keyboard while wearing a blue shirt. The clip sat dormant for over two decades before being uploaded to YouTube in 2007 and exploding into one of the internet's most recognizable memes in 2009, when Brad O'Farrell created the "Play Him Off, Keyboard Cat" mashup format that paired the footage with fail videos as a comedic send-off.

Math Lady, also called Confused Math Lady, is a reaction image and GIF featuring Brazilian actress Renata Sorrah as the villain Nazaré Tedesco from the 2004 telenovela *Senhora do Destino*. The image shows Sorrah with an intensely confused expression, often overlaid with floating mathematical equations, and is used to express bewilderment or overthinking. First used as a reaction GIF in 2013, it exploded internationally in 2016 after someone added math formulas to the screenshot, turning it into one of the most recognizable confusion memes on the internet.

Distracted Boyfriend is a stock photo turned object labeling meme showing a man checking out another woman while his girlfriend looks on in disapproval. Taken by Barcelona photographer Antonio Guillem in mid-2015, the image first appeared as a meme in a Turkish Facebook group in January 2017 before going massively viral across Twitter, Reddit, and Instagram in August 2017. It won Meme of the Year at the 10th annual Shorty Awards and helped popularize the object labeling format that dominated meme culture in the late 2010s.